Direct and Indirect

Direct :

“The execution is delayed due to some technical problems. There is no intervention or pressure from foreign country. Even if there are pressures, we will not fear and do it anyway. It is not a problem for us,” said Attorney General HM Prasetyo at the attorney general’s office on Monday (23 /2/2015).

Indirect :

Monday ( 23/2/2015 ) , the Attorney General HM Prasetyo at the Prosecutor General's Office said that: "The execution was delayed not because of some technical problems . No intervention or pressure from foreign country . there is pressure , he will not be afraid and will continue to do so.

PAPAH

In memory of my life God has to give in the form of a handsome prince angel sent from heaven to keep me when I was born into this world. He is my father I'm very love him and I love exceeds myself. He was the one who would sacrifice anything for the happiness I and his family without thinking about himself how or how tired he had been trying to always give the best for their children.

Although I admit I was very often against him denied his orders even still often whine and spoiled like a child in front of him, but he remained dear and very careful to keep me like pearls that are in shells. Oh my God I was not able to beatify him now but I ask for now keep protect him, healthy he continues and protect him from any harm o god, give it a long life so that he could see me continue until I really successful. His smile is the spirit and breath to me, O God. There are no words can I reveal for the greatest person in my life other than "I really love him”. A father is a very greats in the eyes of me and all the children in this world.

Father, I really love you..

Father, thank you already gives the best for us..

father, forgive me because I was a lot wrong to you ..

father, you are the greatest man that I have until to the end of my life  ..

I LOVE YOU PAAAAAAHHHHHHH….

I LOVE YOU SO MUCH PAAAAAAAAHHHHHH….

TOEFL

Test of English as a Foreign Language or TOEFL /ˈtoʊfəl/ TOH-fəl, is a standardized test of English language proficiency for non-native English language speakers wishing to enroll in U.S. universities. The test is accepted by many English-speaking academic and professional institutions. TOEFL is one of the two major English-language tests in the world, the other being the IELTS.

TOEFL is a trademark of ETS (Educational Testing Service), a private non-profit organization, which designs and administers the tests. The scores are valid for two years; then they are no longer reported.

In 1962, a national council made up of representatives of thirty government and private organizations was formed to address the problem of ensuring English language proficiency for non-native speakers wishing to study at U.S. universities. This council recommended the development and administration of the TOEFL exam for the 1963-1964 time frame. 

The test was originally developed at the Center for Applied Linguistics under the direction of Stanford University applied linguistics professor Dr. Charles A. Ferguson .
The TOEFL test was first administered in 1964 by the Modern Language Association financed by grants from the Ford Foundation and Danforth Foundation.

In 1965, The College Board and ETS jointly assumed responsibility for the continuation of the TOEFL testing program.

In 1973, a cooperative arrangement was made between ETS, The College Board, and the Graduate Record Examinations board of advisers to oversee and run the program. ETS was to administer the exam with the guidance of the TOEFL board.

To the present day, college admission criteria for international students who are Commonwealth of Nations nationals are exempted from taking the TOEFL exam - nations which are part of the Anglosphere (from Commonwealth realms to former British colonies e.g. Hong Kong SAR or former protectorates of the United States) where English is the de facto official language automatically grants a TOEFL exemption with some restrictions (e.g. residents of Quebec are required to take TOEFL while the rest of Canada is exempt - also inclusive of Commonwealth nations where English is not a official language e.g. Mozambique or Namibia (English is co-official but spoken by 3% of the population).

Internet – Based Test

Since its introduction in late 2005, the TOEFL Internet-based Test (iBT) format has progressively replaced the computer-based tests (CBT) and paper-based tests (PBT), although paper-based testing is still used in select areas. The TOEFL iBT test has been introduced in phases, with the United States, Canada, France, Germany, and Italy in 2005 and the rest of the world in 2006, with test centers added regularly. The CBT was discontinued in September 2006 and these scores are no longer valid.

Initially, the demand for test seats was higher than availability, and candidates had to wait for months. It is now possible to take the test within one to four weeks in most countries. The four-hour test consists of four sections, each measuring one of the basic language skills (while some tasks require integrating multiple skills), and all tasks focus on language used in an academic, higher-education environment. Note-taking is allowed during the TOEFL iBT test. The test cannot be taken more than once every 12 days.

1. Reading

The Reading section consists of questions on 4–6 passages, each approximately 700 words in length. The passages are on academic topics; they are the kind of material that might be found in an undergraduate university textbook. Passages require understanding of rhetorical functions such as cause-effect, compare-contrast and argumentation. Students answer questions about main ideas, details, inferences, essential information, sentence insertion, vocabulary, rhetorical purpose and overall ideas. New types of questions in the TOEFL iBT test require filling out tables or completing summaries. Prior knowledge of the subject under discussion is not necessary to come to the correct answer.

2. Listening

The Listening section consists of questions on six passages, each 3–5 minutes in length. These passages include two student conversations and four academic lectures or discussions. The conversations involve a student and either a professor or a campus service provider. The lectures are a self-contained portion of an academic lecture, which may involve student participation and does not assume specialized background knowledge in the subject area. Each conversation and lecture passage is heard only once. Test-takers may take notes while they listen and they may refer to their notes when they answer the questions. Each conversation is associated with five questions and each lecture with six. The questions are meant to measure the ability to understand main ideas, important details, implications, relationships between ideas, organization of information, speaker purpose and speaker attitude.

3. Speaking

The Speaking section consists of six tasks: two independent and four integrated. In the two independent tasks, test-takers answer opinion questions on familiar topics. They are evaluated on their ability to speak spontaneously and convey their ideas clearly and coherently. In two of the integrated tasks, test-takers read a short passage, listen to an academic course lecture or a conversation about campus life and answer a question by combining appropriate information from the text and the talk. In the two remaining integrated tasks, test-takers listen to an academic course lecture or a conversation about campus life and then respond to a question about what they heard. In the integrated tasks, test-takers are evaluated on their ability to appropriately synthesize and effectively convey information from the reading and listening material. Test-takers may take notes as they read and listen and may use their notes to help prepare their responses. Test-takers are given a short preparation time before they have to begin speaking. The responses are digitally recorded, sent to ETS’s Online Scoring Network (OSN), and evaluated by three to six raters.

4. Writing

The Writing section measures a test taker's ability to write in an academic setting and consists of two tasks: one integrated and one independent. In the integrated task, test-takers read a passage on an academic topic and then listen to a speaker discuss it. The test-taker then writes a summary about the important points in the listening passage and explains how these relate to the key points of the reading passage. In the independent task, the test-taker must write an essay that states their opinion or choice, and then explain it, rather than simply listing personal preferences or choices. Responses are sent to the ETS OSN and evaluated by at least 3 different raters.

Paper-based Test

The TOEFL paper-based Test (PBT) is available in limited areas. Scores are valid for two years after the test date, and test takers can have their scores sent to institutions or agencies during that time.

1. Listening (30 – 40 minutes)

The Listening section consists of 3 parts. The first one contains 30 questions about short conversations. The second part has 8 questions about longer conversations. The last part asks 12 questions about lectures or talks.

2. Structure and Written Expression (25 minutes)

The Structure and Written Expression section has 15 exercises of completing sentences correctly and 25 exercises of identifying errors.

3. Reading Comprehension (55 minutes)

The Reading Comprehension sections has 50 questions about reading passages.

4. Writing (30 minutes)

The TOEFL PBT administrations include a writing test called the Test of Written English (TWE). This is one essay question with 250–300 words in average.

English toefl test consists of two types namely computer-based testing and paper-based testing.The computer-based testing is a test using the computer.A rating score this model to be around 216-677.The company is using community-based testing test paper as its media.The judgment with this model to be around 450-550 upward.The test scores ranging from 310 ( toefl, the minimum ) to 677 ( the maximum ) for a paper-based pbt ( test ).

Since 1998, toefl test is held online, using computers ( cbt ), computer-based testing / and since 2005 called internet-based ibt ( test ).In places that cannot exercise cbt or ibt ( since there was a computer and the internet ) toefl test is still held by manually using paper and potlot paper-based pbt ( a ). Fuller information about the cbt and paper-based toefl pertaining to admission; the site, a fee, and the preparation tests be seen at the official site toefl, http: / / www.toefl.org ( toefl test scores of the cbt have ranged between 0 and 300, while the value of ibt is from 0 to 120 ).

Recently the tests are also toefl test of twe ( test of written english ) that the results of a separate from its toefl test scores.This test within 30 minutes, and they will be asked to write a short of describing the ability to express and pour an idea or ideas; and supports the idea that the examples are in everyday life using standard english.If twe ( test of written english ) includes parts are, usually the test is held before an exam listening comprehension.

Sumber :

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Test_of_English_as_a_Foreign_Language

http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/TOEFL

 

Nama : Nurul Fitri Awalia
NPM : 25212536
Kelas : 3EB09

Proposal Kewirausahan

Kata pengantar

Puji syukur saya panjatkan atas kehadirat ALLAH SWT. Yang telah memberikan kesempatan kepada saya untuk menyelesaikan proposal ini dengan baik dan tepat waktu. Proposal ini kami susun sebagai acuan dalam memulai usaha baru yang mandiri, dapat bersaing dan juga berkembang sehingga kami daoat memperoleh keuntungan.

Tidak lupa saya ucapkan terima kasih kepada semua pihak yang telah mau bersabar dan memberikan bantuan baik moral maupun materil dalam penyelesaian membuat tugas proposal ini yang berjudul “PISANG COKLAT” .

Semoga proposal yang saya susun ini dapat berguna bagi para pembaca dan dapat menjadi inspirasi kalian dalam melakukan kegiatan.

Saya menyadari sepenuhnya bahwa proposal ini masih banyak kekurangan dan  belum sempurna. Untuk itu saya akan sangat senang apabila pembaca berkenan memberikan kami masukan atau saran, serta kritik yang membangung agar saya dapat memperbaiki dam menyempurnakan guna kemajuan usaha yang saya buat ini.

Depok, 12 februari 2012

Penyusun,

Nurul Fitri Awalia

Daftar isi

Kata pengantar ............................................................................. 1

Daftar isi ...................................................................................... 2

Bab 1

Uraian usaha

1.1 latar belakang usaha ............................................................... 3

1.2 prospek usaha ........................................................................ 3

1.3 hambatan yang di hadapi ........................................................ 4

1.4 pemecahan masalah ............................................................... 4

Bab 2

Produk dan pesaing

2.1 jenis produk dan cara pembuatannya ...................................... 5

2.2 jumlah pesaing yang dihadapi ................................................. 6

2.3 strategi pemasaran dalam menghadapi pesaing ........................ 6

Bab 3

Laporan keuangan

3.1 sumber permodalan ............................................................... 7

3.2 laporan neraca dan rugi laba .................................................. 7

3.3 keuntungan ........................................................................... 8

Bab 4

Penutup

4.1 kesimpulan ............................................................................ 9

4.2 saran …………………………………………………………………………….…… 9

Bab 1

Uraian usaha

1.1        latar belakang usaha

Di jaman modern seperti sekarang ini, setiap orang yang ingin mengadakan acara atau kegiatan apapun dengan sesimple atau semudah mungkin. Contohnya dalam hal menyiapkan makanan dan hidangan untuk suatu acara atau kegiatan. Biasanya mereka lebih memilih untuk memesan makanan atau hidangan daripada harus membuatnya sendiri dengan pertimbangan waktu dan tenaga walaupun memang sedikit lebih mahal. Dari pemikiran inilah saya mempunyai ide untuk membuat bisnis makanan kecil-kecilan.

Adapun alasan saya memilih jenis usaha ini dalam bidang kuliner, karena makanan merupakan kebutuhan pokok semua manusia sebagai penghasil energi untuk melakukan berbagai kegiatan dan aktivitas sehari-hari. Sehingga usaha yang saya dirikan ini mempunyai peluang pasar yang menjanjikan. Pisang coklat yang saya olah ini memiliki citra rasa yang tinggi karena yang saya sajikan dapat membuat para konsumen ingin mencoba dan terus mencobanya lagi.

1.2        Prospek usaha

Dilihat dari keadaan seperti saat ini, membuat saya percaya diri untuk membuka usaha ini. Setiap orang dengan mudahnya untuk membeli jajanan dan cemilan. Prospek penjualan PISANG COKLAT ini sangat menjanjikan dan bisa menghasilkan keuntungan yang besar bagi saya. Usaha saya ini juga sudah menjadi siasat yang dapat dijadikan sebagai awal perkenalan usaha kami kepada masyarakat yang akan dijadikan sebagai calon pelanggan usaha kami. Dan masyarakat dapat menilai, membandingkan dengan usaha-usaha yang lainnya.

1.3        Hambatan yang dihadapi

Dalam menjalankan usaha ini saya tidak hanya memikirkan keuntungan semata tetapi juga memikirkan hambatan yang saya hadapi. Adapun hambatan yang dihadapi antara lain :

1.    Masih kurangnya modal yang saya miliki

2.    Banyaknya pesaing yang menjual jenis usaha yang sama

3.    Pembeli yang terkadang ragu dalam membeli makanan

4.    Dan banyak bentuk-bentuk makanan jenis ini yang dapat menarik pelanggan

Tetapi dengan adanya semua hambatan itu, membuat saya lebih termotivasi lagi untuk lebih mengembangkan usaha kuliner ini agar menjadi makanan yang lebih dekat lagi dengan citra konsumen.

1.4        pemecahan masalah

Dalam menghadapi masalah-masalah dan tantangan-tanganan yang terdeteksi. Kami berusaha menciptakan makanan yang mempunyai citra rasa tersendiri dan khas dilidah para konsumen, sehingga konsumen mengenal, mengingat, serta menyukai bahkan mencarinya lagi dan akan ketagihan dengan rasa yang khas dan alami yang saya sajikan untuk para konsumen kami.

Bab 2

Produk dan pesaing

2.1 jenis usaha dan cara pembuatannya

Jenis usaha yang akan saya jual yaitu berupa “ PISANG COKLAT ”.

Cara membuatnya, adalah dengan cara :

Ø  kupas terlebih dahulu pisangnnya dan kemudian cuci pisangnya

Ø  setelah itu, taruh pisang diatas kulit lumpia yang sudah disiapkan kemudian masukan mesis ceres diatas pisang dan susu coklat. Kemudian gulung pisangnya menjadi bentuk persegi panjang agar lebih merekat kulit lumpia yang sudah digulung diberi air matang sedikit agar lebih melekat dan tidak berantakan saat digoreng.

Ø  Setelah semuanya telah dibungkus dengan kulit lumpia yang diisi mesis ceres dan susu coklat kemudian pisang digoreng kedalam minyak yang sudah dipanaskan. Angkat pisang coklatnya setelah berubah warna menjdi kecoklatan.

Ø  Setelah diangkat semuanya,pisang ditiriskan. Dan siap untuk dijual selagi hangat.

2.2 jumlah pesaing yang dihadapi

Dalam melakukan pemasaran usaha, saya menjualnyanya disekitar lingkungan rumah, Dilingkungan rumah saya juga menghadapi beberapa pesaing seperti tetangga saya yang menjual makanan yang sama dan harus menjadi pesaing, yaitu :

ü  Pisang coklat keliling

ü  Pisang coklat aneka rasa

Biarpun saya mempunyai banyak pesaing, saya tidak ingin menjatuhkan usaha yang orang lain sedang jalanin. Dan saya akan melakukan persaingan secara sehat dan menjalakan usaha saya dengan prinsip yang saya tekuni saat ini.

2.3 strategi pemasaran dalam menggahadapi pesaing

Adapun beberapa cara atau strategi pemasaran yang saya siapkan dalam menghadapi para pesaing, yaitu sebagai berikut :

1.    Memperluas dalam bermasyarakat dengan lingkungan rumah, agar mempunyai banyak teman dan kenalan yang bisa membantu dalam kelancaran jalannya usaha saya. Setelah mempunyai banyak kenalan dan teman, saya pun dengan mudah menawarkan makanan yang akan saya jual

2.    Saya tidak akan menjual dengan harga yang mahal

3.    Menjada kebersihkan didepan para pelanggan

4.    Memberikan kecepatan dalam melakukan transaksi

5.    Dan saya juga memperbolehkan kepada para pelanggan saya yang sebelum membeli makanan saya, mencoba makanan saya terlebih dahulu.

Bab 3

Laporan keuangan

3.1 sumber permodalan

Untuk modal awal yang saya keluarkan untuk membeli bahan-bahan dalam pembuatan PISANG COKLAT adalah Rp 50.000,- uangnya saya peroleh dari hasil uang jajan saya setiap hari.

3.2 laporan neraca dan rugi laba

A.Neraca keuangan

                -Modal                                                                                                 : Rp 50.000,00

                -Pinjaman                                                                                           :               -                        +

               Total Modal (x)                                                                                  : Rp 50.000,00

Rincian pengeluaran

            -3 sisir pisang uli @ 5.000                                                                   :Rp   15.000,00

            -50 kulit lumpia @10 = 1.000                                                            : Rp    5.000,00

            -1 kg minyak goreng                                                                           : Rp    6.000,00

           -3 coklat mesis ceres @3.500                                                           : Rp  10.500,00             +

            Total pengeluaran (y)                                                                         : RP   36.500,00

Total modal bersih (x-y)                                                                                                : Rp 50.000,00 – Rp 36.500,00

                                                                                                                                : Rp 13.500,00

B. Laporan laba rugi

Masukan

         -Laba kotor perhari                                                                                : Rp 50.000,00

        -Total (a)                                                                                                      : Rp 50.000,00

Pengeluaran

           -Plastik                                                                                                      : Rp   3.000,00    -

                                                                                                                                  Rp   3.000,00

           Total (b)                                                                                                    : Rp  3.000,00

           Laba bersih (a-b)                                                                                     Rp 50.000,00 – Rp 3.000,00

                                                                                                                              = Rp 47.000,00

C. KEUNTUNGAN

                Keuntungan                                                                                       : Rp 47.000,00 – Rp 36.500,00

                                                                                                                                   =  Rp 10.500,00

               Harga perporsi                                                                                   : @ Rp 1.000,00

3.3 keuntungan

Jadi, dari modal sebesar Rp 36.500, saya berhasil menjual sebesar Rp 47.000,-. Jadi besar keuntungan yang saya peroleh adalah:

Rp 47.000,00 – Rp 36.500,00 = Rp 10.500,00

Keuntungannya sebesar Rp 10.500,00

Bab 4

Penutup

4.1 Kesimpulan

Dalam berusaha itu dibutuhkan kesabaran dan kepercayaan diri dalam diri kita masing-masing. saya mencoba untuk membuka usaha dari sebuah kesempatan yang ada seperti dalam praktek ini. Dengan saya berjualan usaha seperti pisang coklat ini, saya bisa mengetahui betapa susahnya dalam berjualan dan mencari uang itu seperti apa. Dan saya bisa belajar mandiri dengan usaha saya ini, seperti saya bisa memenuhi uang jajan saya sendiri tanpa harus meminta uang jajan lagi kepada orang tua saya.

4.2 Saran

Jika kita ingin memulai usaha dibidang kuliner ini, maka sebaiknya kita harus menyusun rencaba terlebih dahulu agar usaha yang kita jalani dapat berjalan dengan lancar dan berkembang untuk kedepan nantinya.

Proposal ini sangat penting sebagai gambaran usaha kecil-kecilan yang akan dijalankan dan juga dijadikan sebagai bahan acuan dalam menjalankan usaha kecil-kecilan yang baru, tangguh, unggul, mandiri dan meraih sukses yang besar dimasa yang akan datang.